diff --git a/lib/fs/fakefs.go b/lib/fs/fakefs.go
index 05c86200c..5c693afa6 100644
--- a/lib/fs/fakefs.go
+++ b/lib/fs/fakefs.go
@@ -54,18 +54,20 @@ const randomBlockShift = 14 // 128k
 //     latency=d  to set the amount of time each "disk" operation takes, where d is time.ParseDuration format
 //     content=true to save actual file contents instead of generating pseudorandomly; n.b. memory usage
 //     nostfolder=true skip the creation of .stfolder
+//     timeprecisionsecond=true Modification times are stored with only second precision
 //
 // - Two fakeFS:s pointing at the same root path see the same files.
 type fakeFS struct {
-	counters    fakeFSCounters
-	uri         string
-	mut         sync.Mutex
-	root        *fakeEntry
-	insens      bool
-	withContent bool
-	latency     time.Duration
-	userCache   *userCache
-	groupCache  *groupCache
+	counters            fakeFSCounters
+	uri                 string
+	mut                 sync.Mutex
+	root                *fakeEntry
+	insens              bool
+	withContent         bool
+	timePrecisionSecond bool
+	latency             time.Duration
+	userCache           *userCache
+	groupCache          *groupCache
 }
 
 type fakeFSCounters struct {
@@ -126,6 +128,7 @@ func newFakeFilesystem(rootURI string, _ ...Option) *fakeFS {
 	fs.insens = params.Get("insens") == "true"
 	fs.withContent = params.Get("content") == "true"
 	nostfolder := params.Get("nostfolder") == "true"
+	fs.timePrecisionSecond = params.Get("timeprecisionsecond") == "true"
 
 	if sizeavg == 0 {
 		sizeavg = 1 << 20
@@ -259,6 +262,9 @@ func (fs *fakeFS) Chtimes(name string, _ time.Time, mtime time.Time) error {
 	if entry == nil {
 		return os.ErrNotExist
 	}
+	if fs.timePrecisionSecond {
+		mtime = mtime.Truncate(time.Second)
+	}
 	entry.mtime = mtime
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/lib/fs/filesystem_test.go b/lib/fs/filesystem_test.go
index aca8d40f4..bd9dcd74a 100644
--- a/lib/fs/filesystem_test.go
+++ b/lib/fs/filesystem_test.go
@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@
 package fs
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/syncthing/syncthing/lib/build"
 )
@@ -171,3 +173,64 @@ func TestIsParent(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+// Reproduces issue 9677:
+// The combination of caching the entire case FS and moving the case FS to be
+// the outmost layer of the FS lead to the mtime FS disappearing. This is
+// because in many places we intentionally create the filesystem without access
+// to the DB and thus without the mtime FS layer. With the case FS layer
+// outside, all the inner layers are also cached - notable without an mtime FS
+// layer. Later when we do try to create an FS with DB/mtime FS, we still get
+// the cached FS without mtime FS.
+func TestRepro9677MissingMtimeFS(t *testing.T) {
+	mtimeDB := make(mapStore)
+	name := "Testfile"
+	nameLower := UnicodeLowercaseNormalized(name)
+	testTime := time.Unix(1723491493, 123456789)
+
+	// Create a file with an mtime FS entry
+	firstFS := NewFilesystem(FilesystemTypeFake, fmt.Sprintf("%v?insens=true&timeprecisionsecond=true", t.Name()), &OptionDetectCaseConflicts{}, NewMtimeOption(mtimeDB))
+
+	// Create a file, set its mtime and check that we get the expected mtime when stat-ing.
+	file, err := firstFS.Create(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	file.Close()
+	err = firstFS.Chtimes(name, testTime, testTime)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	checkMtime := func(fs Filesystem) {
+		t.Helper()
+		info, err := fs.Lstat(name)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if !info.ModTime().Equal(testTime) {
+			t.Errorf("Expected mtime %v for %v, got %v", testTime, name, info.ModTime())
+		}
+		info, err = fs.Lstat(nameLower)
+		if !IsErrCaseConflict(err) {
+			t.Errorf("Expected case-conflict error, got %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	checkMtime(firstFS)
+
+	// Now syncthing gets upgraded (or even just restarted), which resets the
+	// case FS registry as it lives in memory.
+	globalCaseFilesystemRegistry = caseFilesystemRegistry{fss: make(map[fskey]*caseFilesystem)}
+
+	// This time we first create some filesystem without a database and thus no
+	// mtime-FS, which is used in various places outside of the folder code. We
+	// aren't actually going to do anything, this just adds an entry to the
+	// caseFS cache. And that's the crucial bit: In the broken case this test is
+	// reproducing, it will add the FS without mtime-FS, so all future FSes will
+	// be without mtime, even if requested:
+	NewFilesystem(FilesystemTypeFake, fmt.Sprintf("%v?insens=true&timeprecisionsecond=true", t.Name()), &OptionDetectCaseConflicts{})
+
+	newFS := NewFilesystem(FilesystemTypeFake, fmt.Sprintf("%v?insens=true&timeprecisionsecond=true", t.Name()), &OptionDetectCaseConflicts{}, NewMtimeOption(mtimeDB))
+	checkMtime(newFS)
+}